译｜当女性注视：续篇 —— Linda Williams论《惊魂记》（惊魂记）影评(3)

[1] 本文最初为 1994 年罗娜·贝伦斯坦（（Rhona Berenstein））在加州大学洛杉矶分校举办的"惊悚女性（Scary Women）"研讨会而作。当会议论文集未能如期出版时，这篇论文最终分化成两个不同版本：《规训与分心：〈惊魂记〉的养护之道》(Discipline and Distraction: The Care and Handling of Psycho)（Rowe, 1998）和《规训与娱乐：〈惊魂记〉与后现代电影》(Discipline and Fun: Psycho and Postmodern Cinema)（Gledhill and Williams, 2000）。感谢史蒂文·施耐德（Steven Schneider）协助我重新整理并编辑这个早期本。

[2] 正面评价和负面评价都是如此。以下是两个例子："尖叫吧！在这部阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克的惊悚片中，这是发泄情绪的好方法，所以尽情尖叫、颤抖、摇摆，享受刺激吧"（L.A. Examiner 8/11/60）。"《惊魂记》被宣传为惊悚片，但更像是惊吓片，这没错——我确实被吓到了，准确说是感到被冒犯和恶心。精神病理学的临床细节不该成为廉价娱乐的素材；当它们被这样使用时，就是对品味的冒犯，对观众感受力的攻击。它让你感到污秽"（Robert Hatch, The Nation 7/2/1960）。据惊讶的编剧约瑟夫·斯特凡诺（Josef Stefano）回忆，观众表现得像六岁孩童。珍妮特·利（Janet Leigh）曾听一位影院经理说起，电影上映当天有个小男孩每场放映都来，就为了在过道里跑来跑去大喊"天哪天哪——等着看接下来会发生什么吧"（Rebello, 1990：162-63）

[3] 该电视节目始于 1955 年，持续播出了十余年（Kapsis, 1992: 29）。

[4] 例如，贝伦斯坦展示了经典恐怖电影的大规模宣传活动如何利用宣传噱头，其中以晕倒的女性被送上救护车为特色。类似地，，威廉·卡索（William Castle）的低成本惊悚片《刺痛者》（The Tingler，1959）实际上在一些影院的座位上安装了电线，以传递轻微的电击效果。

Berenstein, R. (1995). “Spectatorship as Drag: The Act of Viewing and Classic Horror Cinema.” Viewing Positions: Ways of Seeing Film. Williams, L. (ed.). New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.

Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, Routledge.

Carroll, N. (1990). The Philosophy of Horror; or, Paradoxes of the Heart. New York, Routledge.

Clover, C. (1992). Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film. Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Creed, B. (1993). The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis. New York, Routledge.

Delaplane, S. (1960). Los Angeles Examiner. 12 August.

Foucault, M. (1978). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York, Vintage Books.

Gledhill, C. and L. Williams, eds. (2000). Reinventing Film Studies. London, Edward Arnold.

Gunning, T. (1995). “An Aesthetic of Astonishment: Early Film and the (In)Credulous Specator.” Viewing Positions: Ways of Seeing Film. Linda Williams (ed.). New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.

Hatch, R. (1960). The Nation. 2 July.

Kapsis, R. (1992). Hitchcock: The Making of a Reputation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mayne, J. (1993). Spectatorship and Cinema. New York, Routledge.

Mulvey, L. (1975). “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Screen 10.3: 6-18.

Pechter, W. (1971). Twenty-Four Times a Second. New York, Harper & Row

Rebello, S. (1990). Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho. New York, HarperCollins.

Rowe, J. (1998). Culture and the Problem of the Disciplines. New York, Columbia University Press.

Schneider, S. (1999). “Manufacturing Horror in Hitchcock’s Psycho.” CineAction 50: 70-75.

Spoto, D. (1983). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. Boston, Little Brown

Williams, L. (1984). “When the Woman Looks.” Reprinted in The Dread of Difference: Gender and the Horror Film. Grant, B.K. (ed.). Austin, University of Texas Press, 1996: 15-34.

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